Pavlodar Region Identifies Priority Sectors for Investments, Creates Favorable Conditions for Businesses with Access to Neighboring Markets

NUR-SULTAN – The Pavlodar region has identified its priority sectors for attracting investors. They are machine manufacturing, metallurgy, petrochemistry, construction materials, and food processing.  The Pavlodar region...


LaDiplomatie.fr: “Kazakhstan Facilitates Diplomatic Relations Between Europe and Asia”

From India to Crimea, through Syria, Iran and Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan has been using its resources for the benefit of peace on both continents for many years. This...


Kazakhstan to Increase Share of Renewable Energy to 15 Percent by 2030

NUR-SULTAN – President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev instructed the government to bring the share of renewable energy in the nation’s total energy grid to 15 percent by 2030 at...


Bokeyorda Nature Reserve to Be Built In West Kazakhstan

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev confirmed a decision to create the Bokeyorda and Ashiozek nature reserves with a total area of 657,000 hectares after a meeting...


Kazakhstan Stops Germany’s Machine at Ice Hockey World Championship

OSLO – In the fourth game of the World Championships using every weapon in its arsenal, the national team of Kazakhstan ended Germany’s winning streak at three...


Ministry of Ecology, Geology and Natural Resources to Focus on Landfill Solutions

NUR-SULTAN – The Kazakh Ministry of Ecology, Geology and Natural Resources presented its plan to create an energy waste utilization plant, according to a May 25 report...


Каzakhstan to Allocate Nearly $702 Million in 2021 to Its Employment Program

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakhstan will allocate 300 billion tenge (US$701.7 million) to its Employment Road Map program in 2021, said Kazakh Prime Minister Askar Mamin at a May...


Reform Processes Continue in Kazakhstan Despite Pandemic, Says Expert

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakhstan has managed to minimize the negative impact of the pandemic, said Assistant to the President of Kazakhstan, Chairman of the Kazakhstan Council on International...


President Tokayev Calls for More Sustainable Solutions in Extractive Industry

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev addressed the High-Level Global Roundtable on Extractive Industries May 25. The meeting was initiated by UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres and attended...


Kazakhstan Approved to Begin Selling on Amazon

NUR-SULTAN – E-commerce giant Amazon has added Kazakhstan to its list of countries accepted to register for selling on Amazon on May 20, the Kazakh Trade and...


New Law on Elections Aims to Engage Kazakh Citizens in Political Institutions, Experts Say

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakh President Kassym Jomart Tokayev signed “On Amendments and Additions to Certain Legislative Acts on Election Issues of Kazakhstan” into law on May 25, reports...


Kazakh PM Instructs Government to Accelerate Vaccine Rollout

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakh Prime Minister Askar Mamin has instructed his government to accelerate the vaccine rollout during a May 25 government meeting, as more than two million...


Kazakh Music Star Dimash Kudaibergen Celebrates 27th Birthday

NUR-SULTAN – Popular Kazakh singer Dimash Kudaibergen, also known as Dimash, celebrated his 27th birthday on May 24. Kudaibergen received heartfelt congratulations from all over the world,...


Imanbek Wins Billboard Music Award for Top Dance Song

NUR-SULTAN – In another milestone for the Kazakh music industry, Imanbek Zeikenov, known as Imanbek, won the 2021 Billboard Music Award for Top Dance/Electronic Song for his...


Kazakh, Tajik Businesses Sign Agreements Worth $100 Million in Dushanbe

NUR-SULTAN – Following last week’s official visit by President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev to Dushanbe, the businesses of the two countries signed agreements worth $100 million, said Kazakh Minister...


Kazakhstan Beats Defending Champion Finland at Ice Hockey World Championship

NUR-SULTAN – The Kazakh national ice hockey team stunned defending champion Finland with an unprecedented success and 2-1 final score at the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF)...


Ashyq App Gives Hope to Businesses to Reopen

NUR-SULTAN – Since the outbreak of coronavirus last year in March, businesses in Kazakhstan have been reeling from the consequences, but the recent launch of the Ashyq...


President Tokayev Chairs Supreme Eurasian Economic Council Meeting

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev chaired the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council meeting on May 21 , reports the Akorda press service. The Supreme Eurasian Economic Council...


Kazakh Scientists Reveal Two Major Routes of Satellite-Tagged Steppe Eagles

NUR-SULTAN – The Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan released information about the routes of the satellite-tagged steppe eagles (Aquila nipalensis), according to the association’s...


Swiss Photographer Captures His Pre-Pandemic Train Journey Across Kazakhstan

NUR-SULTAN – Berlin-based Swiss photographer Mario Heller has always loved trains and their liminal space. It almost seems like a frivolous yet strong enough reason for an...


UN General Assembly Commits to Support Initiatives to Revive Aral Sea

NUR-SULTAN – The United Nations General Assembly adopted a May 19 resolution on the Aral Sea region declaring it a zone of ecological innovations and technologies and...


Kazakhstan Senate Passes Voting Reform to Give Citizenry More Options at Ballot Box

NUR-SULTAN – The Kazakh Senate ratified the amendment to return the “against all” option to voting ballots in elections on all levels. The decision to confirm amendments...


First Modular Housing Building is Unveiled in Kazakh Capital

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakh Prime Minister Askar Mamin has committed to increasing the availability of modular housing in the country during his visit to the first modular residential...


Kazakhstan’s Air Travel Resumed With Thirteen Countries

NUR-SULTAN – As summer is just around the corner, Kazakhstan is gradually increasing international travel, giving people hope for a summer vacation. The nation has resumed air...


Kazakh Women Are More Involved in Entrepreneurship Since Start of Pandemic

NUR-SULTAN – Visa presented the results of a study indicating higher Kazakh women’s participation in the field of entrepreneurship since the start of the coronavirus crisis and...


Almaty Hosts United Nations Staff Officer Course for Military Personnel

NUR-SULTAN – The United Nations Staff Officer course kicked off on May 19 at the Peacekeeping Training Center in Almaty, according to the press service of the...


Kokshetau Named Cultural Capital of Kazakhstan in 2021

NUR-SULTAN – Kokshetau became the cultural capital of Kazakhstan in 2021 as a result of the Ruhani Kazyna national festival dedicated to the 30th anniversary of Kazakh...


Kazakhstan, Tajikistan Agree to Boost Trade, Strengthen Political Dialogue

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev began his two-day visit to Dushanbe May 19 meeting with Tajikistan’s President Emomali Rahmon and other senior officials, reports the Akorda...


Project on National Digital Currency Requires Well-Developed Infrastructure and Cybersecurity Norms, Says Expert

NUR-SULTAN – The National Bank of Kazakhstan released a May 5 research report dedicated to the introduction of the digital tenge concept into the public forum of...


Epidemiological Situation Steadily Stabilizing in Kazakhstan, Says Kazakh Healthcare Minister

NUR-SULTAN – The epidemiological situation in Kazakhstan is gradually stabilizing and the incidence rate declined 20 percent in the past two weeks, Kazakh Minister of Healthcare Alexey...


FC Kairat Allows Spectators Back Into Stadium For the First Time Since Start of Pandemic

NUR-SULTAN – Almaty-based FC Kairat beat FC Aktobe at the Central Almaty arena with the 4:2 final score on May 18, reports the press service of the...


Kazakh Innovative E-Agricultural Platform Becomes Champion of WSIS Prize 2021

NUR-SULTAN – The Kazakh digital agricultural platform Supervision Technology Digital Land Monitoring became one of the 5 final champions of the World Summit on the Information Society...


Humanitarian Aid from Kazakhstan Arrives in Kyrgyzstan

NUR-SULTAN – The first batch of humanitarian aid from Kazakhstan arrived on May 18 in Kyrgyzstan’s Bishkek, reported the press service of the Kazakh Ministry of Foreign...


Kazakhstan Commits Greater Effort to Preserving Saiga Antelope Population

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakhstan is set to take more measures to preserve the saiga antelope population, said Kazakh Minister of Ecology, Geology, and Natural Resources Magzum Mirzagaliyev during...


Gennady Golovkin Beats Out Legendary Muhammad Ali on Top Boxer’s List

NUR-SULTAN – The Boxrec website dedicated to holding records of professional and amateur boxers has compiled a list of the best boxers of all time. Pound for...


Identity Documents and Other Public Services Now Available on Mobile App in Kazakhstan

NUR-SULTAN – The pandemic has accelerated the pace of digitalization, said Minister of Digital Development, Innovations and Aerospace Industry Bagdat Mussin  at the May 13 press conference...


Kazakhfilm Begins Implementation of 3-Year Modernization Plan

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakhfilm studios have begun the modernization process that is expected to last 3 years and incorporate new technical equipment, reconstruction of engineering networks and buildings...


Kazakhstan, Spain Keen to Pursue Greater Cooperation

NUR-SULTAN – Spain is keen to boost bilateral cooperation with Kazakhstan, said Spanish State Secretary (i.e. Deputy Minister) for Foreign Affairs and for Ibero-America and the Caribbean...


Olzhas Suleimenov – Renowned Kazakh Poet, Thinker and Activist – Turns 85 Today

Olzhas Suleimenov turns 85 today. Not the youngest of ages for a human of flesh and blood, but this is the most interesting thing about Kazakhstan’s most...


AIFC meets the Hongqi

Two days ago one of the world’s leading regulators called me to talk about the rise of LawTech – the successor, in many ways, to two decades...


Kazakh President Discusses National Fund’s Activities With Governor of National Bank

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev approved the annual report of the National Bank for 2020 during a meeting with Governor of the National Bank of Kazakhstan...


Kazakhstan’s Population Reaches 18.94 Million

NUR-SULTAN – The population of Kazakhstan, as of April 1, 2021, amounted to 18.94 million people having increased by 250,200 or 1.3 percent from last year, according...


Nur-Sultan, Almaty Join Global Green Finance Index 7 at the Top of Eastern Europe and Central Asia Region

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakhstan has entered the Global Green Finance Index 7 (GGFI), which measures the progress of green financial products across 124 international financial centers, according to...


Kazakh Government Creates Atlas of Jobs to Improve Professional Development and Education Standards, Tackle Unemployment

NUR-SULTAN – The Kazakh Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population presented an expanded Atlas of New Professions and competencies to the representatives of central...


Altyn Emel and Charyn Canyon National Parks Will Emphasize National Historic Heritage

NUR-SULTAN – The tourism in the Altyn Emel National Park and Charyn Canyon National Park in the Almaty region will be developed with an emphasis on the...


Gold and Foreign Exchange Reserves of the Kazakh National Bank Grow by Nearly $700 Million.

NUR-SULTAN – Gold and foreign exchange reserves of the Kazakh National Bank increased by $690 million over the month amounting to $34.2 billion as of April 30,...


Kazakh Singer KALIYA Becomes UNFPA Honorary Ambassador to Kazakhstan

NUR-SULTAN – Singer and activist Akmarzhan Kusherbayeva, known by her stage name KALIYA, has been appointed UNFPA Honorary Ambassador to the United Nations Population Fund in Kazakhstan....


Close to 1.8 Million People Immunized Against COVID-19 in Kazakhstan

NUR-SULTAN – As of May 14, 1,790,356 people in Kazakhstan have received at least one dose of the vaccine against COVID-19, according to the data updated daily...


Almaty Mosque Hosts Eid al-Fitr Celebration for Kazakh Children Returned from Syria

NUR-SULTAN – The Center for Rehabilitation and Consultation under the Department of Religious Affairs of Almaty and the Zarya Vostoka (Dawn of the East) Mosque hosted a...


Kazakhstan Allows More International Travel, Launches Flights to Montenegro 

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakhstan has allowed more international air travel as it launches and increases flights to Montenegro, the United Arab Emirates, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and the Netherlands, announced...


Humanitarian Cargos From Kazakhstan Arrive in India

NUR-SULTAN – Two Kazakh aircrafts with emergency humanitarian assistance arrived on May 14 in India’s New Delhi, reported the press service of the Kazakh Ministry of Foreign...


Coal Processing Plant Opens in Karaganda Region

NUR-SULTAN – The Qaz Carbon company launched a processing plant producing high-quality low-ash coal on May 11 in the Karaganda region, according to the press service of...


Kazakhstan Sees Positive Economic Growth For First Time Since Pandemic Outbreak

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakhstan saw its gross domestic product growing 0.7 percent from January until April – positive for the first time since March 2020, said Kazakh Minister...


Kazakhstan and France Sign Bilateral Agreement on Economic Cooperation Through 2030

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakhstan and France signed a joint roadmap for economic and investment cooperation until 2030. The document was signed on May 13 during the visit of...


Kazakhstan Celebrates Eid al-Fitr, End of Holy Month of Ramadan

NUR-SULTAN – As the Holy Month of Ramadan came to an end, Muslims around the world, and in Kazakhstan, celebrated Eid al-Fitr, also known as Oraza Ait,...


Mayor of Almaty Pledges to Finish Dam in Ayusai Gorge, Protect Almaty From Mudslides

NUR-SULTAN – Akim (Mayor) of Almaty Bakytzhan Sagintayev pledged to focus on increasing mudslide protection during his visit to the construction site of the dam in Ayusai...


Kazakhstan Ranks 67th in 2020 Social Progress Index, Ahead of Its Neighbors

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakhstan ranked 67th in the 2020 Social Progress Index that evaluated 163 countries on the non-economic dimensions of their social performance.  Kazakhstan scored 72.66 points...


First President Nazarbayev Pays Visit to Turkistan

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakhstan’s First President Nursultan Nazarbayev took part in the opening ceremony of the memorial to the Kazakh Khanate (15th-19th century) as part of his visit...


Turkish Airlines to Launch Flights to Turkistan in May

NUR-SULTAN – Turkish Airlines will launch flights along the Turkistan – Istanbul route on May 22, reports the Kazakh Ministry of Industry and Infrastructure Development.  The launch...


Kazakhstan is Firmly Committed to Constructive Cooperation with EU, Says Kazakh FM in Brussels

NUR-SULTAN – Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Mukhtar Tileuberdi participated in the 18th EU-Kazakhstan Cooperation Council May 10 in Belgium that focused on next...


Commemorations of Kazakh Contribution to World War II Take Place in Russia, Croatia and Moldova

NUR-SULTAN –  A series of events commemorating the contribution of Kazakh soldiers to the victory over fascism in 1945 took place in Russia, Croatia, and Moldova over...


East Kazakhstan Region Observes Growth Rates Due to Regulatory Measures

NUR-SULTAN – The East Kazakhstan region maintained a positive growth rate by the end of 2020, PrimeMinister.kz reported on May 4.  The local authorities took anti-crisis measures...


Rakhimzhan Koshkarbayev: Kazakh Hero Who First Mounted the Victory Banner Over Reichstag

NUR-SULTAN – May 9, 2021 marks the 76th anniversary of the Soviet Union’s victory over Nazi Germany in World War II. While the story of the hard-won...


Artist from Oslo Searches for Kazakh Veterans

NUR-SULTAN – Norwegian artist Webjörn Sand turned to the Kazakh Embassy in Oslo with a request to help find the living Kazakh veterans who took part in...


Meeting on the Elbe: Kazakh Soldier Among First to Meet with American Allies

AKTOBE – Soviet soldier Aitkali Alibekov made history by taking part in the long-awaited meeting between the Soviet and American troops at Germany’s Elbe River near Torgau...


Kazakhstan to Deliver Humanitarian Assistance to India

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakhstan will provide humanitarian assistance to India due to the sharp deterioration of the epidemiological situation in this country, reported the Akorda Press. This was...


Kazakh Startup Egistic Provides Daily Satellite Imagery for Local Farmers

NUR-SULTAN –  Founded to help Kazakh farmers, the Egistic service platform recently announced its partnership with Planet, operator of the world’s largest satellite constellation for Earth images,...


Skiers Mount Elbrus to Celebrate Victory Day

NUR-SULTAN – An international group of skiers mounted Elbrus to celebrate Victory Day marked on May 9 as part of the Red Fox Elbrus Race international extreme...


National Bank of Kazakhstan Releases Research Report on Digital Tenge Project for Public Discussion

NUR-SULTAN – The National Bank of Kazakhstan announced plans to launch a pilot project focused on digital tenge, the organization’s press service reported May 5. “A national...


Kazakh Economy Resilient to 2020 Shocks, Says Fitch Ratings Agency

NUR-SULTAN – At the end of 2020, Kazakhstan demonstrated a robust economic performance that supported the nation’s economy in addressing the 2020 shocks – coronavirus pandemic and...


Kokmaisa Fest 2021 Introduces Kazakh Traditions to Promote Virtual Tourism

NUR-SULTAN – The traditional Kokmaisa ethnic festival was held online for the fifth time in a row in the Terisakkan village of the Ulytau district in the...


EU Scholarship Recipients from Afghanistan to Graduate From the Language Courses, Continue their Studies at Kazakh University

NUR-SULTAN – This May, 10 recipients of the scholarships funded by the European Union (EU) from Afghanistan are graduating from AlmaU language school in Kazakhstan.  After  language...


47,000 SME Projects to Receive Preferential Lending in 2021

NUR-SULTAN – In 2021, 47,000 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) will receive preferential lending, said Kazakh Minister of National Economy Aset Irgaliyev at a May 4 government...


More International Airlines Reopen Flights to Kazakhstan

NUR-SULTAN – Air Arabia and Lufthansa are among the latest airlines resuming their flights to Kazakhstan.  Lufthansa resumed the flights on May 2 with a flight along...


Kazakh Prime Minister Takes Part in Eurasian Intergovernmental Council Meeting in Kazan

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakh Prime Minister Askar Mamin took part in the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council meeting, which was held on April 30 in the Russian city of Kazan,...


Nearly 1.5 Million People Receive First Dose of Vaccine Against COVID-19 in Kazakhstan

NUR-SULTAN – Nearly 1.5 million people have received at least one dose of vaccine against COVID-19 in Kazakhstan as of May 4, said Kazakh Minister of Healthcare...


Kazakh Regions Celebrate Day of Unity (Video)

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakhstan celebrated the Day of Unity May 1 and the nation came up with different ways to mark the holiday and commemorate the friendship between...


Kazakh Tourism Sector Considers New Approaches to Developing Tourism Amid Pandemic

NUR-SULTAN – The tourism sector is still reeling from the consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak. Most international experts do not expect the global tourism industry to rebound...


Nazarbayev University Social Development Fund Fosters Youth Social Entrepreneurship

NUR-SULTAN – In 2020, the Nazarbayev University Social Development Fund underwent a transformation by expanding from its work within the Nazarbayev University (NU) community to funding and...


Amazon Prime Acquires Streaming Rights for Kazakh Film “Tomiris”

NUR-SULTAN – The “Tomiris” film directed by Akan Satayev is now available on Amazon Prime for audiences in the U.S. and Canada, Kazakhfilm studio reported on April...


Astana Opera House Marks 115th Anniversary of Kazakh composers Akhmet Zhubanov and Latif Khamidi With Performance of “Abai” Opera

NUR-SULTAN – This year, Kazakhstan celebrates the 115th anniversary of Kazakh composers Akhmet Zhubanov and Latif Khamidi. To mark these anniversaries, the Astana Opera House staged the...


Three Vaccines to Become Available to Kazakh Citizens

NUR-SULTAN – As the vaccine rollout continues, the citizens of Kazakhstan will have access to three vaccines against COVID-19 – Russia’s Sputnik V, the locally produced QazVac,...


President Tokayev Meets with Winners of Kazakhstan’s 100 New Faces Project

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev congratulated the winners of the 100 New Faces of Kazakhstan project on April 30, reported the Akorda Press. The President noted...


Kazakh President Congratulates Nation on People’s Unity Day

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev congratulated the nation on the People’s Unity Day, which is celebrated nationwide on May 1.  Tokayev explained that the holiday was...


Kazakhstan and Russia Sign Economic Cooperation Program For 2021-2025

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakh Prime Minister Askar Mamin visited Kazan where he participated in talks with Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin, the Prime Minister’s press service reported on...


Nur-Sultan to Increase Facilities for Children with Special Needs in Capital

NUR-SULTAN – Akim (Mayor) of Nur-Sultan Altai Kulginov reported that a sports facility for people with special needs will be built to expand the network of training...


ADB Forecasts Kazakh Economy To Rebound to 3.2 Percent in 2021

NUR-SULTAN – The Asian Development Bank (ADB) projects the Kazakh economic growth to reach 3.2 percent in 2021 and 3.5 percent in 2022 in its latest ADB...


Assembly of People of Kazakhstan: 30 Years of Working Towards Peace, Unity, and Harmony

On Apr. 28, the 29th session of the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan (APK) was held online. Kazakhstan’s First President Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, as...


Positive Dynamics Observed in Trade Between Kazakhstan and China

NUR-SULTAN – Mutual trade between Kazakhstan and China grew by 4 percent and reached $15.4 billion by the end of 2020. This was announced April 27 during...


Kazakhstan’s Diversity is Its Greatest Strength, Says Kazakhstan’s First President Nursultan Nazarbayev

NUR-SULTAN – The diversity of Kazakhstan is a key competitive advantage, said Kazakhstan’s First President Nursultan Nazarbayev at the 29th session of Kazakhstan’s Assembly of People which...


Women’s Entrepreneurship EXPO Aims to Empower Female Businesses in Europe and Central Asia

NUR-SULTAN – UN Women, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, initiated the first regional Women’s Entrepreneurship Expo for Europe and Central...


Gold Manufacturing Increases by 13 Percent in Kazakhstan

NUR-SULTAN – Gold production increased by 13 percent and gold ore production grew by more than 26 percent in Kazakhstan over the past year, Energyprom reports. In...


Ashyq App Allows Business to Continue Working Amid Coronavirus Restrictions

NUR-SULTAN – The Ashyq mobile application allows businesses to continue their work amid the coronavirus restrictions. As of April 27, the project includes 1,658 businesses and more...


Kazakh Prime Minister Pays Working Visit to Mangistau Region

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakh Prime Minister Askar Mamin visited the Mangistau region on April 27 where he was briefed on the progress of the region’s investment project implementation...


Every Child Has a Right to Education, Says Dara Foundation Project Director

NUR-SULTAN – There is hardly anyone who has not heard about the topic of providing inclusive education. The topic has been topping national agendas for many years...


President Tokayev Meets with Members of National Council of Public Trust to Promote Social Harmony Measures

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with and discussed a number of pressing issues with members of the National Council of Public Trust on April 27, according...


Number of Vaccinations Reaches Close to One Million in Kazakhstan

NUR-SULTAN – Kazakhstan is close to the one million vaccination milestone, as 949,451 people in the country of 19 million have received at least one dose of...


SCO Qingdao Forum Shows Growth of Trade Ties Between China and SCO Member States

QINGDAO – The annual turnover between China and the countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) has reached $245 billion in 2020, reports Kazinform. This was announced...


The 77th Session of the UN ESCAP is Underway

NUR-SULTAN – On April 26, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific has launched its annual 77th session in Bangkok in a...


Priorities For Improving Carbon Regulation in Kazakhstan

The Global Climate Leaders’ Summit, held on 22 April 21 at the initiative of US President Joe Biden, clearly demonstrated the readiness of the countries of the...