President Aliyev Praises Kazakh Heroism After AZAL Plane Crash in Azerbaijan TV Interview

ASTANA — President Ilham Aliyev reviewed the joint actions of the Azerbaijani and Kazakh governments following the tragic crash of an Azerbaijan Airlines plane near Aktau in...


Kazakhstan’s Historic Sports Achievements in 2024

ASTANA — This year has been full of historic achievements for Kazakh athletes on the world stage. It has undoubtedly elevated Kazakhstan’s status in the global sports...


Putin Calls Tokayev on Azerbaijani Plane Crash Investigation in Kazakhstan

ASTANA — Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev spoke with Russian President Vladimir Putin in a telephone conversation on Dec.28, initiated by the Russian side to discuss the investigation...


President Tokayev Orders Thorough, Impartial Investigation of Plane Crash in Aktau

ASTANA – President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev directed a thorough and impartial investigation into an Azerbaijan Airlines plane crash near Aktau at a Dec. 28 meeting in Astana, reported...


Azerbaijan’s President Aliyev Thanks Kazakhstan for Support Following AZAL Plane Crash in Aktau

ASTANA – President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev thanked Kazakhstan for prompt search and rescue measures and emergency aid following the crash of an Azerbaijan Airlines plane near...


ESCAP: Kazakhstan Tops Regional Investment Chart with $15.7 Bln in 2024

ASTANA – Kazakhstan has emerged as a top investment destination in North and Central Asia, attracting $15.7 billion in new projects, according to the United Nations Economic...


EDB Invests $240 Million to Expand Power Plant in Karagandy

ASTANA — The Eurasian Development Bank (EDB) and Karagandy Energotsentr signed a $240 million, 13-year loan agreement on Dec. 24 to finance the modernization and expansion of...


Kazakhstan’s 2024 Legislative Reforms Focus on Innovation, Investment, and Social Protection

ASTANA — In 2024, Kazakhstan embarked on a transformative path with significant legislative reforms to strengthen the national scientific system, boost investment, and enhance social protections, all...


Tokayev’s Spokesperson Outlines President’s Activities in 2024

ASTANA – President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev’s spokesperson, Berik Uali, outlined the President’s major achievements in 2024 in an article published in the Kazakhstanskaya Pravda newspaper on Dec. 27....


Kazakhstan Marks 85 Years of Poetess Fariza Ongarsynova – Voice of Feminine Strength in Poetry

ASTANA – Dec. 25 marked the 85th anniversary of Kazakh poetess Fariza Ongarsynova, who had a vital presence in Kazakh poetry known for her deep exploration of...


Details of Aktau Plane Crash Announced

ASTANA – A briefing in Aktau on Dec. 26 led by Kazakh Deputy Prime Minister Kanat Bozumbayev revealed new details about the Azerbaijan Airlines (AZAL) Embraer-190 plane...


Eurasian Development Bank Joins Islamic Financial Services Board as Associate Member

ASTANA – The Eurasian Development Bank (EDB) has officially joined the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) as an Associate Member following the 45th Council Meeting held on...


News Digest: Foreign Media on Middle Corridor, Kazakhstan’s Tourism and More

ASTANA – The Astana Times has selected articles from global media outlets covering Kazakhstan. This week’s foreign media digest covers the Middle Corridor, Kazakhstan’s tourism sector and...


Kazakhstan Commemorates 130 Years of Turar Ryskulov’s Legacy 

ASTANA – Kazakhstan marked the 130th anniversary of Turar Ryskulov, a prominent statesman, scholar and diplomat on Dec.26. Renowned for his unwavering advocacy for the unity of...


Kazakh Mazhilis Chair Recaps Year’s Work 

ASTANA — Since the beginning of the session, the lower house of Kazakhstan’s Parliament, Mazhilis, has considered 106 draft laws. Of these, 37 have been adopted, and...


Kazakhstan Named Most Peaceful Country in Eurasia in 2024 Global Peace Index

ASTANA — The 2024 Global Peace Index (GPI), produced by the Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP), ranked Kazakhstan as the most peaceful country in Eurasia. The...


Unmissable Events to Ring in 2025 in Astana and Almaty 

ASTANA — As the New Year approaches, Astana and Almaty are brimming with festive events to ring in 2025. Kazakhstan’s official New Year holiday from Jan. 1...


New Terminal Opens at Shymkent International Airport

ASTANA – A new terminal opened at the Shymkent international airport on Dec. 25. The terminal will initially serve mainly local flights, with international flights anticipated to...


Kazakh PM Holds Government Meeting on AZAL Plane Crash

ASTANA – According to the Kazakh Emergency Ministry’s updated data, 38 bodies of the deceased were found and delivered to the forensic center, including six citizens of...


ADB Country Director Reflects on 30 Years of Partnership with Kazakhstan

ASTANA – In 2024, Kazakhstan and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) celebrate 30 years of partnership. In a recent interview with The Astana Times, ADB Country Director...


Azerbaijan Airlines Plane Crash Leaves 38 Dead, 29 Survivors

ASTANA – An Azerbaijan Airlines plane flying from Baku to Grozny with 67 people on board crashed on Dec. 25 morning in Aktau, killing 38 people, including...


Kazakh Youth Drives Change Across Science, Art, Sports, and Humanitarian Efforts

ASTANA – The Kazakh youth is driving change in the country and represents it across different sectors regionally and globally. As the year draws to a close,...


Kazakhstan Honors Sporting Elite at Uzdik 2024 Awards

ASTANA — The Kazakh Ministry of Tourism and Sports hosted the annual Uzdik Award ceremony on Dec. 24, recognizing the achievements of the nation’s athletes and coaches...


Baku-Grozny Flight Crash Near Aktau Leaves 29 Hospitalized

ASTANA – A plane crash involving an Azerbaijan Airlines flight traveling from Baku to Grozny near Aktau on Dec. 25 left 29 people hospitalized, including two children....


Kazakh Startup Attracts $150,000 with AI Barista

ASTANA – Kazakh software engineer and entrepreneur Ismail Karankin has launched Oli Robotics, a startup focused on creating an AI-powered barista robot. The venture has attracted $150,000...


Kazakhstan Introduces Robot Dog to Enhance Mine Safety

ASTANA — The Astana Hub International Technopark of IT startups has presented a unique robotic complex — a robot dog — designed to improve safety in Kazakhstan’s...


President Tokayev Expresses Condolences to Azerbaijani President Over Plane Crash Tragedy

ASTANA — President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev expressed his deep sorrow upon learning of the plane crash involving Azerbaijan Airlines near Aktau city on Dec. 25, Akorda press service...


Kazakh Sculptor Crafts Monument of Pshon, Hero Dog of Kazakhstan Floods

ASTANA – Kazakh sculptor Azamat Kenzhegaliyev is crafting a monument to Pshon. This dog heroically helped during spring floods but was tragically shot in November by local...


Aktau Residents Donate Blood After Baku-Grozny Flight Crash

ASTANA – Aktau residents responded immediately to an urgent call for blood donations following a plane crash near the city on Dec. 25, demonstrating an outpouring of...


Romanian Mentor Praises Kazakh Students’ Enthusiasm and Skills During Petrochemical Traineeship

ASTANA – Traian Stănică, a Romanian mentor and production manager at Rompetrol Rafinare, has commended Kazakh students for their exceptional preparation and eagerness to learn during the...


Nazarbayev University IT Engineer Pioneers Microchip Development in Kazakhstan

ASTANA – Nursultan Kabylkas, a Bolashak program graduate and an assistant professor at Nazarbayev University’s (NU) School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, is creating a team of...


BREAKING: Azerbaijan Airlines Flight Crashes near Aktau with 67 Aboard

ASTANA – An Azerbaijan Airlines flight traveling from Baku to Grozny crashed near Aktau on Dec. 25. The aircraft was carrying 67 people, including five crew members....


Japan’s Globe-Trotter Travel Guidebook’s Latest Edition Features Kazakhstan 

ASTANA – Japanese travel publication Globe-Trotter Travel Guidebook published detailed information about tourism and culture of Kazakhstan and Central Asian countries in its latest edition for 2025-2026....


Kazakhstan’s Exports to Uzbekistan Reach $2.5 Billion in 11 Months of 2024

ASTANA – Kazakhstan’s exports to Uzbekistan reached $2.5 billion with $1.3 billion worth of imports in January-November 2024, according to the Uzbek Statistics Agency’s report, published on...


Astana International Financial Centre Attracts $3.1 Billion in Investments in 2024

ASTANA—The Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC) has announced its operational results for 2024. This year, the total volume of investments attracted through the AIFC platform reached $3.1...


Kazakh Movie Wins Main Prize at Cinema Vérité Festival in Iran

ASTANA — Kazakh director Alina Mustafina’s documentary road movie “Gingerbread for Her Dad” won the main prize at the Cinema Vérité festival, the International Documentary Film Festival...


Kazakhstan’s Four Women-Led Startups Join Aurora Tech Award 2025 List

ASTANA — Four female entrepreneurs from Kazakhstan have become finalists for the Aurora Tech Award, an annual global prize established by inDrive for women entrepreneurs in IT....


Kazakhstan to Enhance Digital Safety, Improve AI Literacy Among Population 

ASTANA – Kazakh officials discussed the introduction of new digital technologies and artificial intelligence in everyday activities during a Dec. 24 government meeting chaired by Kazakh Prime...


Kazakhstan Welcomes Nearly 12 Million Foreign Tourists This Year

ASTANA – The number of international tourists visiting Kazakhstan doubled, hitting 11.5 million this year. The Kazakh capital brought together more than 30 foreign and local officials...


Kazakhstan, EU Plan to Intensify Cooperation in 2025

ASTANA – Kazakh Deputy Foreign Minister Roman Vassilenko and European Union Ambassador to Kazakhstan Aleška Simkić agreed to deepen cooperation in promising areas such as transport and...


Headlines in 2024: Key Events in Various Fields

ASTANA — This year, Kazakhstan witnessed a lot of events ranging from political and social to sporting success, all of which had an impact on everyone. These...


Astana Opera Triumphs with Six Sold-Out Performances in Dubai

ASTANA – Astana Opera Ballet captivated audiences at Dubai Opera with six sold-out performances of Tchaikovsky’s classic ballet “The Nutcracker” from Dec. 19 to 22, reported the...


China Shows Strategic Interest in Kazakhstan’s Resource and Industrial Sectors

ASTANA – Nearly 5,000 companies with Chinese participation are registered in Kazakhstan. The number of such enterprises has recently surged, reflecting China’s strategic interest in the country’s...


Floodwaters Replenish Kazakhstan’s Reservoirs, Rivers, and Lakes

ASTANA – Kazakhstan has collected a record volume of over 75 billion cubic meters of water in its reservoirs this year, including a record 12 billion cubic...


AIX Issues Debut Green Bonds from Kyrgyz Republic

ASTANA – Astana International Exchange (AIX) announced on Dec. 20 the successful issuance of debut green bonds by PlanDem LLC, marking a significant milestone as the first...


Kazakhstan to Establish Single Operator for Aviation Fuel and Upgrade Transport Infrastructure

ASTANA – Kazakhstan plans to designate KazMunayGas-Aero as the single operator for aviation fuel to address shortages and reduce dependency on imports, Minister of Transport Marat Karabayev...


Kazakhstan’s Trade Surplus Hits $20.1 Billion in Ten Months of 2024

ASTANA — Kazakhstan recorded a foreign trade surplus of $20.1 billion from January to October 2024, a 33.4% year-on-year (y/y) increase from $15.0 billion in the same...


Serik Zhumangarin Appointed as Kazakhstan’s New Minister of National Economy

ASTANA – President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev appointed Serik Zhumangarin as the new Minister of National Economy on Dec. 21, relieving him of his previous position, reported Akorda. Zhumangarin...


Kazakhstan Faces Key Transition to Low-Carbon Technologies

ASTANA — Kazakhstan, one of the world’s leading producers of natural resources, faces growing pressure to adopt low-carbon technologies to stay competitive amid tightening global regulations on...


Kazakhstan in 2024: Asserting Status of Middle Power and Expanding Foreign Policy Horizons

In 2024, Kazakhstan aimed to demonstrate increasing independence and a persistent drive to strengthen its international status through its foreign policy. Amid global turbulence, resource competitions, and...


Sarqyt: Kazakh Tradition of Sharing and Celebration 

ASTANA — For Kazakhs, sarqyt is more than a tradition; it is a cherished embodiment of generosity, hospitality and the joy of sharing. For me, sarqyt evokes...


Gardeners Lead Efforts to Bring Aport Apple Back to Kazakhstan’s Tables

ASTANA – Private gardeners and associations are making efforts to revive the aport apple—a national treasure with its rich red color and vibrant flavor—bringing it to tables...


Kazakhstan Embraces Future of AI with Its First Large Language Model

ASTANA — The Institute of Smart Systems and Artificial Intelligence (ISSAI) at Nazarbayev University presented President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev with Kazakhstan’s first large language model (LLM), marking a...


Get into the Holiday Spirit: Must-See Events in Astana and Almaty

ASTANA — After a busy workweek, unwind this weekend by attending inspiring concerts, thought-provoking exhibitions and captivating spectacles to immerse yourself in the pre-holiday winter atmosphere. The...


News Digest: Foreign Media on Tokayev’s Diplomacy, Middle Corridor and More

ASTANA — The Astana Times has selected articles on Kazakhstan that will be featured in international media worldwide this week. Today’s foreign media digest includes an article...


Kazakhstan’s Year in Review: Prevention of Domestic Abuse, Protection of Women’s & Children’s Rights

ASTANA—Kazakhstan’s internal affairs authorities considerably improved their work in several crucial areas during the past year, including preventing domestic abuse, protecting women’s and children’s rights, and fighting...


Trade Volume Between Kazakhstan, US Reaches Record $3.3 bln

ASTANA – The trade volume between Kazakhstan and the United States reached $3.3 billion in January-September, a record figure for the last four years. This was stated...


Air Astana Sets to Launch Flights from Almaty to Frankfurt in June 2025

ASTANA — Kazakhstan’s flagship airline, Air Astana, will launch a new direct route between Almaty and Frankfurt on June 1, next year. The flights will be operated...


Ninety Million Hectares at Risk: Kazakhstan’s Land Degradation Crisis Demands Action

ASTANA – In Kazakhstan, 90 million hectares of land are affected by degradation, demanding urgent action, according to experts at an international conference organized by the United...


Euronews: Kazakhstan to Grow Reputation as Astro-Tourism Destination

ASTANA – Kazakhstan has become one of the trending destinations for astro-tourism in the latest Euronews Travel Trend Report 2025 edition. “Famous for its sweeping steppes and...


Kazakhstan Builds School in Earthquake-hit Türkiye’s Nurdağı District

ASTANA – A groundbreaking ceremony was held on Dec. 19 in Türkiye’s Nurdağı municipality in Gaziantep Province to construct a school, initiated by Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev....


Kazakhstan Maintains Diplomatic Relations With 186 States

ASTANA — Kazakhstan currently maintains diplomatic relations with 186 countries. Members of the Senate and the upper house of the Kazakh Parliament approved amendments to some legislative...


Presidents of Kazakhstan, Guinea-Bissau Visit Astana International Financial Centre

ASTANA – President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev and President of Guinea-Bissau Umaro Sissoco Embaló, who is on an official visit to Kazakhstan, visited the Astana International Financial...


Kazakh Content Growth Spotlighted, Mufasa Dubbed in Kazakh

ASTANA – Maulen Ashimbayev, the chairman of the Senate, an upper house of the Kazakh Parliament, highlighted the importance of preserving national identity through content creation in...


Water Sector Results: Kazakhstan Advances Water Infrastructure for Sustainable Future

ASTANA — Kazakhstan has made significant strides in reforming its water resources management system, ensuring sustainable and efficient water use amidst growing climate challenges. In 2024, the...


Kazakhstan to Support Railway Construction in Afghanistan

ASTANA – Kazakh companies plan to supply rails and other materials for future railways in Afghanistan, Vice Minister of Transport Maksat Kaliakparov announced at the Transport and...


Kazakhstan to Transfer Two Airports to Trust Management

ASTANA – Airports in Turkistan and Kyzylorda will be placed under the trust management of Vietnam’s Sovico Group, Vice Minister of Transport Maksat Kaliakparov announced during the...


Year in Review: Kazakhstan’s Non-Oil Sector Fuels Economic Growth

ASTANA — Kazakhstan’s economy grew by 4.4% in 2024, driven by strategic measures to diversify the economy, attract investments and bolster domestic businesses. Government initiatives focused on...


Kazakhstan Expands Air Routes Network to 22 International Destinations in 2024

ASTANA – This year, Kazakhstan has expanded its international air route network to 22 new destinations, Vice Minister of Transport Maksat Kaliakparov said at a government meeting...


Turkistan City to Receive Special Status as Spiritual and Historical Capital

ASTANA – The Mazhilis, a lower house of the Kazakh Parliament, approved in its first reading a draft law granting Turkistan the special status of the spiritual...


Tengiz, Kashagan Lead Kazakhstan’s Oil Output, Kazakh Energy Minister Reports

ASTANA – Tengiz and Kashagan oilfields have been key drivers of Kazakhstan’s oil production, with Tengiz contributing 25.9 million tons and Kashagan producing 15.8 million tons in...


Kazakhstan to Establish $1 Billion Venture Capital Fund Backed by Private Investment

ASTANA – Kazakhstan is set to establish a Fund of Venture Capital Funds, targeting $1 billion in private investment in the medium term. This was revealed during...


Grid Upgrade Crucial to Kazakhstan’s Green Energy Transition, Expert Says

ASTANA – Modernization of grid infrastructure might become a key element driving the adoption of green energy in Kazakhstan, according to Sultan Valikhanov, an expert at the...


IT Sector Results: How Digital Transformation Enhances Lives in Kazakhstan

ASTANA — Kazakhstan is advancing its digital transformation to improve public services, support innovation, accelerate economic growth, and rank among the global leaders in online services and...


Kazakhstan, Guinea-Bissau Forge Strategic Partnership for Beneficial Cooperation  

ASTANA – President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with President of Guinea-Bissau Umaro Sissoco Embaló, who arrived in Kazakhstan on an official visit on Dec. 18, to...


Kazakhstan Sees Growth in Business Activity Index

ASTANA – Kazakhstan’s business activity index, based on surveys conducted by the National Bank, rose to 51.6 points by the end of November, according to National Bank...


Kazakh Chess Players Secure 10 Medals at FIDE Youth Championship in Slovenia

ASTANA – Kazakh young chess players won 10 medals, including two gold at the FIDE World Youth Rapid & Blitz Championship 2024, which took place on Dec....


Kazakhstan’s Agriculture Breaks New Records This Year

ASTANA – In January-November, the gross agricultural output increased by 13.4% with an annual plan of 11.6% and reached 7.8 trillion tenge (US$14.9 billion), said Kazakh Deputy...


Kazakhstan Enhances Efforts to Restore, Preserve Endangered Animal Species

ASTANA — Kazakh Minister of Ecology and Natural Resources Yerlan Nyssanbayev discussed the restoration of the snow leopard and Przewalski’s horse populations and the preservation of rare...


Kazakhstan’s Main New Year Tree to Light Up Today

ASTANA – More than 30 New Year’s trees will be lit simultaneously in six districts of Astana at 8 p.m. local time on Dec. 18. According to...


Kazakhstan Surpasses the US, Japan, and Singapore in Anti-Money Laundering Index Ranking

ASTANA – Kazakhstan has significantly improved its standing in the independent Basel AML (anti-money laundering) Index, ranking 111th with 4.65 points and surpassing 110 nations. The ranking,...


Kazakhstan’s Strongman Tsyrulnikov Dazzles Audience at Opening Ceremony of 2024 World Weightlifting Championships

ASTANA – Kazakhstan’s strongman Sergey Tsyrulnikov became the first Kazakh citizen invited to the 2024 World Weightlifting Championships opening ceremony, which took place on Dec. 6-15 in...


Azerbaijan Assumes CICA Chairmanship From Kazakhstan

ASTANA – Kazakhstan officially handed over the chairmanship in the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CICA) for 2024-2026 term to Azerbaijan at the...


Kazakh Eco-Startups Set to Compete at UNIDO Global Event in Istanbul and COP30 in Brazil

ASTANA – Five Kazakh eco-startups have received the opportunity to represent their country at the UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) competition in Istanbul in 2025, following their...


Cargo Transport via Middle Corridor Surges to 4.1 Million Tons in 11 Months

ASTANA – The volume of cargo transported through the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR), also known as the Middle Corridor, rose by 63% in the first 11...


Kazakhstan Targets 26 GW Energy Expansion by 2035

ASTANA – The Kazakh Energy Ministry has developed and approved a development plan for the energy sector until 2035, targeting the introduction of at least 26 gigawatts...


Kazakh Opera Legend Bibigul Tulegenova Celebrates 95th Birthday

ASTANA – Kazakh opera singer Bibigul Tulegenova turned 95 on Dec. 16. Almaty Mayor Yerbolat Dossayev congratulated her on behalf of President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, reported the city...


Kazakhstan Takes Third Place at World Weightlifting Championships, Secures Two Golds

ASTANA — Kazakhstan placed third overall at the 2024 International Weightlifting Federation (IWF) World Weightlifting Championships, held from Dec. 6 to 15 in Manama, Bahrain  trailing behind...


Central Asia’s Nuclear Future: Opportunities, Challenges and Geopolitics

ASTANA — The National Bureau of Asian Research hosted a panel discussion titled A New Start: Central Asia’s Nuclear Potential & Peril in Washington, D.C, on Dec.12...


Kazakhstan’s Exports of Processed Goods Grow 10.2% to $23.3 Billion in 11 Months

ASTANA – Thanks to measures taken to support domestic producers and stimulate deep processing, Kazakhstan’s export of processed goods increased by 10.2%, reaching $23.3 billion from January...


World Bank Highlights Measures to Boost Inclusive Growth in Kazakhstan

ASTANA – Making fiscal policy more pro-poor, improving the quality of education, and strengthening climate resilience are critical priorities for policymakers to reduce poverty and inequality in...


Kazakhstan Reiterates Commitment to Multilateral Cooperation at World Policy Conference

ASTANA—Since gaining independence, Kazakhstan has pursued a multivector, pragmatic, and balanced foreign policy, Kazakh Deputy Foreign Minister Roman Vassilenko said at the 17th annual World Policy Conference...


Astana Celebrates Avant-garde of Germans of Kazakhstan Award Ceremony

ASTANA—The Kazakh-German Center in Astana hosted the fourth annual Avant-garde of the Germans of Kazakhstan award ceremony on Dec. 13. The ceremony honored individuals who have made...


Kazakhstan’s Chairmanship of CICA Concludes After Four Years

ASTANA – Kazakhstan’s chairmanship of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA) concludes on Dec. 17 at the seventh meeting of the Council of...


A Testament to Friendship: Italian Ambassador Reflects on Three Years in Kazakhstan

ASTANA—Marco Alberti, the Ambassador of Italy to Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic, reflected on his transformative three-year tenure in Kazakhstan in an exclusive interview with The Astana...


Kazakh President Congratulates Nation on Independence Day

ASTANA — President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev congratulated the people on Independence Day on Dec. 16, saying that this holiday symbolizes the revival of Kazakhstan’s statehood and the embodiment...


Failure of Value-Based Politics: Implications for Central Asia

If there is one underestimated political trend that defined the global transformations of 2024, it is the erosion of value-based politics. This shift – a growing skepticism...


Record-Breaking Kazakhstan: Guinness World Records Highlighting the Nation’s Remarkable Feats

ASTANA — Kazakhstan is a country of extraordinary achievements, where vast landscapes, rich culture, and remarkable talents come together to create history. From its natural wonders to...


Turkistan: Kazakhstan’s Timeless Jewel on Silk Road

Editor’s Note: The Astana Times continues its series of articles, Exploring Kazakhstan, City by City, in the marvelous city of Turkistan. We are setting out to unveil...


Can Artificial Intelligence Threaten Humanity?

Editor’s note: The Astana Times continues a section featuring articles by our readers. As a platform that values diverse perspectives and meaningful conversations, we believe that this...